1.1 요구사항

• IMS 다른 표준들의 활용 사례 및 실행 가이드
• 3.3장 (개념모델을 설명하는 어플리케이션)
• 사례연구, 부속서 A

• 교환을 위해 XML에 바인딩이 가능해야 함
• 분산데이터 패러다임에서 활용될 수 있어야 함
• 측정(scale) 및 실행(perform)이 필요한 시스템에서 사용 가능해야 함
• 다양한 어플리케이션에 적용이 가능하도록 유연해야 함
• 실제적으로 실행 가능해야 함
• 명확하게 정의되어야 함

1.2 문서구조

• RDCEO 개념모델(3장) : 표준의 설계 및 표준의 올바른 사용법에 토대가 되는 개념
• 기타 표준과의 관계(4장) : 기타 IMS 및 외부 표준과의 관계
• 실행가이드(5장) : RDCEO 데이터구조의 사용법에 대하여 이 표준에 명시된 다른 표준의 정보를 구체적으로 설명
• 기본예제(6장) : RDCEO 인스턴스의 기본예제
• 응용예제(7장) : 기타 정보모델 어플리케이션에 명시된 RDCEO 인스턴스 참조의 기본예제

2.1 약자와 약어

• ADL : 고급 분산학습(Advanced Distributed Learning)
• DTD : 문서 유형 정의(Document Type Definition)
• IEEE : 전기 및 전자 엔지니어 협회(Institute of Electronic & Electrical Engineering)
• ISO : 국제표준기구(International Standards Organization)
• JTC : 합동 기술 위원회(Joint Technical Committee)
• LTSC : 학습 기술 표준 위원회(Learning Technology Standards Committee)
• RDCEO : IMS 역량 및 학습목표 재사용성 표준(IMS Reusable Definition of Competency or Educational Objective)
• SCORM : 공유가능 학습 콘텐츠 객체 참조모델(Shareable Content Object Reference Model)
• W3C : www 콘소시엄(World Wide Web Consortium)
• XML : 확장 마크업 언어(Extensible Mark-up Language)

3.1 적용범위

그림 3.1 역량 표준에 대한 문제 영역

그림 3.2 역량 데이터 프레임워크

3.2 지속성

3.3 활용

4.1 IMS 표준들과의 관계

4.2 관련 표준

5.1 ‘역량 및 학습목표 재사용성’ 표준의 데이터 구조 활용

5.2 분산 구조 및 고려 사항

6.1 기본예제

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
            <identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/fictional/rdceo_cat1.xml#minimal_eg</identifier>
            <title>
                 <langstring xml:lang="en">Minimal Example - Mandatory  Elements Only </langstring>
            </title>
</rdceo>

6.2 식별자로서 URN의 활용

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
             <identifier>URN:IMS-PLIRID-V0:ISBN#:0-201-83599-1</identifier>
          <title>
             <langstring  xml:lang="en">Testing URN</langstring>
          </title>
</rdceo>

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
          <identifier>URN:PublicID:foo%23bar1</identifier>
          <title>
               <langstring  xml:lang="en">Testing URN</langstring>
          </title>
</rdceo>

6.3 IMS 표준에 활용되는 역량의 활용 예제

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsmd_rootv1p2p1  imsmd_rootv1p2p1.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
          <identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/fictional/rdceo_cat1.xml#pass_eg</identifier>
          <title>
               <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Reading IMS  specifications</langstring>
          </title>
          <description>
               <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Reads and understands IMS  Global Learning Consortium
       specifications</langstring>
          </description>
          <definition>
               <model>IMS Competency WG</model>
               <statement statementname="Performance">
                  <statementtext>
                       <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Reads and understands IMS Global Learning  Consortium
       specifications</langstring>
                  </statementtext>
                </statement>
                <statement statementname="Conditions">
                  <statementtext>
                       <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Has access to a published specification including  the
       information model, the XML binding, and  the best practices guide</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
                </statement>
                <statement statementname="Criteria">
                  <statementtext>
                       <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Demonstrates an understanding of the content of
       specifications documents by verbally  summarizing their content and creating valid sample XML
       representations of appropriate data from  use cases similar to those discussed in the information
       model and/or best practices  document.</langstring>
                  </statementtext>
                </statement>
             </definition>
             <metadata>
                <rdceoschema>IMS  RDCEO</rdceoschema>
                <rdceoschemaversion>1.0</rdceoschemaversion>
                   <lom xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsmd_rootv1p2p1">
                     <lifecycle>
                       <contribute>
                          <role>
                            <source>
                              <langstring  xml:lang="x-none">LOMv1.0</langstring>
                            </source>
                            <value>
                              <langstring  xml:lang="en">Author</langstring>
                            </value>
                          </role>
                          <centity>
                             <vcard>  BEGIN: vCard
                             FN:Robby Robson
                             END:vCard  </vcard>
                          </centity>
                       </contribute>
                  </lifecycle>
             </lom>
      </metadata>
</rdceo>

6.4 CPA의 핵심역량

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
            <identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/fictional/rdceo_cat1.xml#cpa_eg</identifier>
            <title>
                 <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Team  Player</langstring>
            </title>
            <description>
                 <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Able to effectively execute  work as a team member. </langstring>
            </description>
            <metadata>
                <rdceoschema>IMS RDCEO</rdceoschema>
                <rdceoschemaversion>1.0</rdceoschemaversion>
       </metadata>
</rdceo>

6.5 (NOICC)에서 발췌한 고등학교 역량(성과)

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
           <identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/fictional/rdceo_cat1.xml#noicc_eg</identifier>
           <title>
               <langstring xml:lang="en-US">COMPETENCY IV  </langstring>
           </title>
           <description>
               <langstring xml:lang="en-US">COMPETENCY IV:  Understanding the relationship between
       educational achievement and career  planning.</langstring>
           </description>
           <definition>
              <model>http://www.academicinnovations.com/noicc.html</model>
              <statement statementname="Category">
                 <statementtext>
                      <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Educational and Occupational  Exploration</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
              </statement>
              <statement statementname=" Statement ">
                 <statementtext>
                    <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Understanding the relationship between  educational
       achievement and career  planning.</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
              </statement>
              <statement statementname="Performance Indicators">
                 <statementtext>
                     <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Demonstrate how to apply academic and vocational  skills to achieve personal goals. Describe the  relationship of academic and vocational skills to personal
       interests. Describe how education relates  to the selection of college majors, further training, and/or entry into the job market.  Demonstrate transferable skills that can apply to a variety of
       occupations and changing occupational  requirements. Describe how learning skills are required in the workplace.</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
              </statement>
        </definition>
        <metadata>
            <rdceoschema>IMS RDCEO</rdceoschema>
            <rdceoschemaversion>1.0</rdceoschemaversion>
        </metadata>
</rdceo>

6.6 오레곤주의 대학 입학시험 (PASS)

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
           <identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/fictional/rdceo_cat1.xml#pass_eg</identifier>
           <title>
               <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Oregon PASS  Social Science Proficiency D</langstring>
           </title>
           <description>
               <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Oregon PASS  Social Science Proficiency D: Understand Structures
       and Systems of United States Government.  Understand the principles, purposes, structures, and
       functions of government in the United States:  its philosophical basis and historical evolution; the
       structure of power, authority, and  governance; the relationship of the states to the federal
       government; the Constitution and Bill of  Rights; the dynamics of conflicting rights and interests
       in the American political system; the role  and responsibilities of citizenship; and patterns of
       democratic participation in American  politics. Compare other forms of government and political
       systems to those found in the United  States.</langstring>
           </description>
           <definition>
              <model>http://www.uoregon.edu/pass</model>
              <statement statementname="Content Area">
                <statementtext>
                     <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Social  Sciences</langstring>
                </statementtext>
               </statement>
               <statement statementname="Proficiency">
                 <statementtext>
                     <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">D: Understand Structures and Systems of United States
       Government.</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
                </statement>
                <statement statementname="Criteria">
                  <statementtext>
                      <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">D1: Understanding of U.S. Government Principles:
       Understand the philosophy and principles  upon which the government of the United States is based.
       D2: Understanding of U.S.  Government System Apply understanding of the
       interrelationships among purposes,  systems, structures, and functions of U.S. government.
       D3: Understanding of U.S.  Political System: Apply understanding of the U.S. political
       system and citizens' rights and  responsibilities as informed, ethical participants.
       D4: Comparison and Interaction  with Other Governments: Understand how other governmental
       and political systems compare and interact  with those of the United    States.
                      </langstring>
                  </statementtext>
                </statement>
             </definition>
             <metadata>
                <rdceoschema>IMS  RDCEO</rdceoschema>
                <rdceoschemaversion>1.0</rdceoschemaversion>
          </metadata>
</rdceo>

6.7 역량 정의로 표현된 SCORM 적합성 여부 명시문

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsmd_rootv1p2p1  imsmd_rootv1p2p1.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
             <identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/fictional/rdceo_cat1.xml#scorm_eg"</identifier>
             <title>
                  <langstring xml:lang="en-US">SCORM 1.1 LMS Runtime  Conformance </langstring>
             </title>
             <description>
                  <langstring xml:lang="en-US">A learning management  system which conform to the SCORM 1.1
       specification for runtime environment  conformance. The LMS must (1) conform with section 6 of the
       SCORM version 1.1, (2) launch SCORM  version 1.1 Conformant Assignable Unit, (3) implement all of
       the API calls correctly, (4) fully support  mandatory CMI data model elements and at a minimum can
       store (LMSSetValue and LMSGetValue)  optional CMI data model elements across a single
       session.</langstring>
             </description>
             <definition>
                 <model>http://www.adlnet.org/scorm/conformacevocab/</model>
                 <statement statementname="conformance">
                    <statementtext>
                       <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Conformant with section 6 of the SCORM version  1.0
                    </langstring>
                 </statementtext>
              </statement>
              <statement statementname="condition">
                 <statementtext>
                     <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Using SCORM 1.1 Conformant Assignable  Unit</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
              </statement>
              <statement statementname="criterion">
                 <statementtext>
                    <langstring  xml:lang="en-US"> Launches SCORM version 1.a Conformant Assignable
       Unit</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
              </statement>
              <statement statementname="criterion">
                 <statementtext>
                     <langstring  xml:lang="en-US">Implements all of the API calls  correctly</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
              </statement>
              <statement statementname="criterion">
                 <statementtext>
                    <langstring xml:lang="en-US">Fully supports mandatory  CMI data model elements and at a
       minimum can store (LMSSetValue and  LMSGetValue) optional CMI data model elements across a single
       session of the AU.</langstring>
                 </statementtext>
             </statement>
       </definition>
       <metadata>
               <rdceoschema>IMS RDCEO</rdceoschema>
               <rdceoschemaversion>1.0</rdceoschemaversion>
      </metadata>
</rdceo>

6.8 IMS 메타데이터를 활용한 예제

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdceo  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0  imsrdceo_rootv1p0.xsd
       http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsmd_rootv1p2p1  imsmd_rootv1p2p1.xsd
       http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace  xml.xsd"
       xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsrdceo_rootv1p0"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
            <identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1b</identifier>
            <title>
                 <langstring xml:lang="en">Reads  and Understands W3C Schema</langstring>
            </title>
            <description>
                 <langstring  xml:lang="en">Can read and understand W3C Schema Language  1.0</langstring>
            </description>
            <metadata>
               <lom  xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsmd_rootv1p2p1">
                 <relation>
                     <kind>
                         <source>
                             <langstring  xml:lang="x-none">LOMv1.0</langstring>
                         </source>
                         <value>
                             <langstring  xml:lang="x-none">isVersionOf</langstring>
                         </value>
                     </kind>
                     <resource>
<identifier>http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1</identifier>
                       <catalogentry>
                          <catalog>http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml</catalog>
                          <entry>
                              <langstring  xml:lang="x-none">definition1</langstring>
                          </entry>
                       </catalogentry>
                     </resource>
                </relation>
            </lom>
      </metadata>
</rdceo>

7.1 IMS 메타데이터 1.2 버전

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="UTF-8"?>
<lom  xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsmd_rootv1p2p1"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/imsmd_rootv1p2p1  imsmd_rootv1p2p1.xsd">
      <classification>
         <purpose>
           <source>
              <langstring  xml:lang="x-none">LOMv1.0</langstring>
           </source>
           <value>
              <langstring>Educational  Objective</langstring>
           </value>
        </purpose>
        <taxonpath>
           <source>
             <langstring  xml:lang="x-none">
                 http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml
             </langstring>
           </source>
        <taxon>
           <id>definition1</id>
           <entry>
                <langstring  xml:lang="en">Reads and Understands W3C Schema</langstring>
           </entry>
        </taxon>
       </taxonpath>
    </classification>
</lom>

7.2 IEEE LOM

7.3 HR-XML 역량 1.0

<Competency description="Can read  and understand W3C Schema Language 1.0"
       name="Reads and Understands W3C Schema"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="Competencies-1_0.xsd">
<CompetencyId description="IMS Global Example Competency  Catalogue"
       id="definition1"
       idOwner="http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml"/>
<!-- omitted evidence data etc -->
</Competency>

<Competency description="Can read  and understand W3C Schema Language 1.0"
       name="Reads and Understands W3C  Schema"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="Competencies-1_0.xsd">
<CompetencyId description="IMS Global Example Competency  Catalogue"
       id="http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1"/>
<!-- omitted evidence data etc -->
</Competency>

<Competency description="Can read  and understand W3C Schema Language 1.0"
       name="Reads and Understands W3C Schema"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="Competencies-1_0.xsd">
<CompetencyId description="IMS Global Example Competency  Catalogue"
       id="URN:X-IMS-PLIRID-V0::6ba7b8149dad11d180b400c04fd430c8"/>
<!-- omitted evidence data etc -->
</Competency>

7.4 IMS 학습자 정보 패키지

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="UTF-8"?>
<learnerinformation  xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/ims_lip_rootv1p0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/ims_lip_rootv1p0  ims_lip_rootv1p0.xsd">
              <contentype>
                 <referential>
                    <sourcedid>
                        <source>http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/rcd/</source>
                        <id>lip_example2</id>
                    </sourcedid>
                 </referential>
              </contentype>
              <competency>
                <contentype>
                  <referential>
                    <indexid>competency1</indexid>
                  </referential>
                </contentype>
                <description>
                     <short xml:lang="en">Reads and Understands W3C  Schema</short>
                     <long xml:lang="en">Can read and understand W3C Schema  Language 1.0</long>
                     <full>
                        <!--The educational objective definition and its control document are  available as an
         xml file local to this learnerinformation  xml file.-->
                        <media encoding="uri" mediamode="Text"
         mimetype="text/xml">http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1</media>
                     </full>
             </description>
       </competency>
</learnerinformation>

<media  encoding="uri" mediamode="Text"  mimetype="text/xml">
         URN:X-IMS-PLIRID-V0::6ba7b8149dad11d180b400c04fd430c8
</media>

<?xml version="1.0"  encoding="UTF-8"?>
<learnerinformation  xmlns="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/ims_lip_rootv1p0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.imsglobal.org/xsd/ims_lip_rootv1p0  ims_lip_rootv1p0.xsd">
              <contentype>
                 <referential>
                    <sourcedid>
                        <source>http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/rcd/</source>
                        <id>lip_example3</id>
                    </sourcedid>
                 </referential>
              </contentype>
              <goal>
                 <contentype>
                    <referential>
                       <indexid>goal1</indexid>
                    </referential>
                 </contentype>
                 <date>
                    <typename>
                       <tysource  sourcetype="imsdefault"/>
                       <tyvalue>Create</tyvalue>
                    </typename>
                    <datetime>2001-08-15</datetime>
                 </date>
                 <status>
                    <typename>
                        <tysource  sourcetype="imsdefault"/>
                        <tyvalue>Active</tyvalue>
                    </typename>
                 </status>
                 <description>
                     <short xml:lang="en">Reads and Understands W3C  Schema</short>
                     <long xml:lang="en">Can read and understand W3C Schema  Language 1.0</long>
                     <full>
                        <!--The educational  objective definition and its control document are available as an
         xml file local to this learnerinformation  xml file.-->
                        <media  encoding="uri" mediamode="Text" mimetype="text/xml">eo1.xml</media>
                     </full>
                </description>
          </goal>
</learnerinformation>

7.5 IMS 심플 시퀀싱

7.6 가상예제

<certificate>
    <guid>xyz-acme.com:20010809ABDFECAEF-5648</guid>
    <personguid>123456-ACXX-12345</personguid>
    <issuerguid>xyz-acme.com</issuerguid>
    <rdceoid>  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1</rdceoid>
    <details>
        <rating>
            <method>Scored Exam</method>
            <score>.83</score>
            <proctored>true</proctored>
        </rating>
    <date>
        <stddate  mode="Issue"/>
        <datetime>200108091234</datetime>
    </date>
    <date>
        <stddate mode="Expiration"/>
        <datetime>200408092359</datetime>
    </date>
   </details>
</certificate>

<rdceoid>URN:X-IMS-PLIRID-V0::6ba7b8149dad11d180b400c04fd430c8</rdceoid>
<rdceoid>URN:X-IMS-PLIRID-V0::6ba7b8149dad11d18000a1c14fd430c8</rdceoid>
<rdceoid>URN:X-IMS-PLIRID-V0::6ba7b8149dad11d180b400c04fd443e0</rdceoid>

<skill rdceoid="  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1">
   <skill rdceoid="  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1a">
   <skill rdceoid="  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1b">
      <skill rdceoid=" http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1ba"/>
      <skill rdceoid="  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1bb"/>
   </skill>
</skill>

<tlo rdceoid="  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1">
   <elo  rdceoid="  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies2.xml#definition1"/>
   <elo rdceoid="  http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies2.xml#definition2"/>
</tlo>

<node>
     <rdceoid> http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#definition1</rdceoid>
<relation>
<kind>requires</kind>
         <rdceoid> http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#pre1</rdceoid>
</relation>
<relation>
<kind>contains</kind>
         <rdceoid> http://www.imsglobal.org/examples/competencies.xml#atomic1</rdceoid>
</relation>
<relation>
<kind>equivalent</kind>
         <rdceoid> http://www.fictional.org/a.xml#eo1</rdceoid>
</relation>
</node>

A.1 사례 연구(UK 학습 및 기술(기능) 개발 에이전시(LSDA))

A.2 요구사항 명세서

• 묘사하고
• 측정하고
• 비교하는

• 최근 수 년간 LSDA와 기타 기관들이 한 가지의 프레임워크(coherent framework) 내에서 학습성과를 명시하려는 노력
• 학습성과(수준과 분량에 상관 없이 학습자가 학습하고 이해하고 실행할 수 있는 것)를 한 가지 맵으로 작성하여 학습객체 맵에 논리적으로 일치시키려는 노력(다음에 열거되는 목표를 달성하기 위한 노력)

• ‘평가단원(units of assessment)’에 링크한 후 학습자들이 다양한 방식으로 평가단원을 연계시켜 특정한 요구를 충족시킨다.

A.3 프레임워크의 정의

• 명칭 – 단원명
• 학습성과 – 학습자가 학습하고 이해하고 실행하기를 기대하는 사항
• 평가기준 – 학습성과의 평가기준
• 학점 – 이수/예상 학습 시수
• 예상 학습 시수 – 특정단계에서 학습자가 학습단위를 이수하기 위해 학습해야 하는 평균 시수
• 단계 – 복잡성, 학습자의 자율권, 학습성과 범위의 정도
• 규모 – 학습단위를 이수하기 위해 필요한 예상 학습 시수의 정도

• 학습자료
• 모듈
• 평가단원

• 학습자의 학습성과
• 난이도/복잡성/자율권의 정도
• 이수학점

A.4 프레임워크의 역할

• 학습의 단계 및 양을 논리적이고 합의된 방식으로 측정한다.
• 학습성과를 명확하고 일관성 있게 합쳐서 (평가)단원으로 정리한다.
• 학습기술의 효과적 사용을 최대화시킬 수 있는 일관적인 방법을 제공한다(예를 들어, 인증에 필요한 학습을 적절하게 분리하는 모델을 제공한다).

• 적절한 매체 및 지원을 활용하여 학습을 실시한다.
• 학습활동에 대한 인증을 받을 것인지의 여부 또한 받을 것이라면 시기는 언제로 할 것인지를 정한다. 그리고 어떤 상을 받는데 도움이 될 것인지를 파악한다.
• 인증을 위한 공식적인 평가에 대비한다. – 예를 들면 프리테스트
• 인증에 필요한 모든 증거자료를 수집한다.
• 인증신청을 하고 평가 받는다.

• 평가
• 학습자료
• 자금
• 진전사항

• 기술기반의 학습을 지원한다.
• just-in-time 학습인증을 가능하게 한다.
• 상호운용과 재사용이 가능한 학습자료와 평가결과를 직접적으로 검색할 수 있다.
• 개인별 학습스타일을 지원한다.
• 학습의 강도를 점진적으로 높이고 중간 인증제를 실시하여 학습자의 동기를 부여한다.
• 학습성과를 명확하고 일관성 있게 표현한다.
• 국제표준화 및 호환성을 지원한다.
• 로컬, 국가적, 국제적 인증축적 및 양도의 기반이 된다.
• 학습자료 개발업체, 설계자, 제공업체, 구매자를 지원하여 반복되는 것이나 빠진 것을 찾아낸다.
• 학습자가 필요로 하는 가이드를 명시하고 지원한다.
• 학습 및 학습성과를 매핑하는 툴을 제공한다.
• 평가 및 품질 시스템을 지원한다.
• 인증증명서 및 성과기록부를 작성한다.
• 주(states)와 기관(institutions)의 커리큘럼 계획수립을 지원한다.
• 커리큘럼 및 인증 설계를 지원한다.
• 교육, 훈련, 학습자를 위한 자금마련의 기초가 된다.
• 학계, 직업교육, 훈련 간에 균형을 유지한다.
• 보편적인 성과/부가가치 방안으로 활용된다.
• 개인, 조직, 국가교육 타겟에 대한 세부적인 조치를 수립한다.

B.1 향후 계획